Evaluation of the bond strengths of restorative materials to primary tooth dentin treated with different pulpotomy techniques.

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of different pulpotomy techniques on the primary tooth dentin and to evaluate the effects of these pulpotomy methods on the shear bond strength of restorative materials to primary tooth dentin. Two hundred and forty dentin specimens were distributed randomly to the study groups as; control, ferric sulphate, Biodentine® , Nd:YAG laser, photobiomodulation, and atmospheric pressure cold plasma (APCP). After the application of pulpotomy methods, samples were again randomly divided to two restorative materials (glass hybrid and composite resin) (n = 20) and shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed. Then, 12 new dentin specimens were prepared for all groups for surface analysis. Surface examination (n = 12) and fracture analyses (n = 240) were carried out with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Statistical significance range was accepted as α <.05 for all data. A statistically significant difference was obtained among all study groups for glass hybrid material as well as composite material (p <.05). While the highest mean SBS value was obtained with Nd:YAG laser (7.58 ± 0.60 MPa), the lowest value was observed with Biodentine® (6.70 ± 0.91 MPa; p = .001) for glass hybrid material. For composite material, the highest mean SBS value was calculated for Nd:YAG laser (13.79 ± 1.24 MPa), while the lowest value was obtained with ferric sulphate (10.17 ± 1.45 MPa; p = .001). Fracture modes were mainly adhesive and mixed type according to SEM analysis. Moreover, morphological changes were observed with SEM on the dentin surfaces of ferric sulphate, Biodentine® and Nd:YAG laser. Within the limitations of this study, Nd:YAG laser increased the shear bond strength values in groups of composite resin. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: In this article, we report the results of the shear bonding strength test of two restorative materials (glass-hybrid vs. composite resin) to primary tooth dentin following the application of five different pulpotomy techniques (ferric sulfate, Biodentine® , Nd:YAG laser, photobiomodulation, and atmospheric pressure cold plasma) were reported. This article will contribute to the literature that there are considerably limited researches concerning the bond strength of glass hybrid to primary dentin and also atmospheric pressure cold plasma in pulpotomies. The SEM examination was performed in two stages in this study; the morphological changes in both treated dentin surfaces and the surfaces of the samples subjected to the shear bond strength test.

The effect of different ratios of nano-sized hydroxyapatite fillers on the micro-tensile bond strength of an adhesive resin.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) of dentin bonding agents containing different ratios of nano-sized hydroxyapatite fillers (HA). X-ray diffraction analysis was used for characterization, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was used to determine the HA particle size after that HA were mixed a bonding agents without filler. Dentin bonding agents were divided into four groups according to addition of different ratios of nano-sized hydroxyapatite fillers as 2% HA, 5% HA, 7% HA, and no-filler control group. The teeth (n = 32) were sectioned with a low-speed diamond blade under water cooling to expose the mid-coronal dentin. Following the bonding application, restorations were applied incrementally. Each tooth was cut on the x and y axis, and each specimen was fixed to a testing device and stressed until failure occurred. The debonded specimens were examined under 250× magnification without a coating layer at 2.00 kV using a SEM to determine failure patterns. µTBS data were analyzed using a anova and Tukey's post hoc test. The failure mode data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The maximum mean value of µTBS was in the 7% HA group, while the minimum mean value of µTBS was observed in the control group. 7% HA group was statistically significant and higher than other groups while there were no significant differences between the control, 2% HA, and 5% HA groups. According to SEM analysis, fracture analysis revealed that the mixed fracture type was seen more often than the other fracture types. The particle size and amount of HA fillers added to the adhesive resin seem to affect the success of the bond strength to the dentin. Adding different ratio nano-sized HA fillers to the adhesive resin contributed positively to the immediate µTBS values in the dentin.

Effects of toothpastes on white spot lesions around orthodontic brackets using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) : An in vitro study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of toothpastes with different contents on the remineralization of white spot lesions around orthodontic brackets by quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 45 freshly extracted human mandibular first molars were selected. Artificial caries lesions were created on enamel surfaces using an acidified gel system for 7 days. Initial relative fluorescence loss was calculated as the pretreatment (baseline) fluorescence value by QLF device. Molar tubes were bonded using light-cured resin composite cement. The specimens were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n = 15). Different toothpastes were applied to demineralized enamel: (1) fluoride-containing toothpaste (Colgate Total®), (2) Novamin-containing toothpaste (Sensodyne® Repair and Protect), (3) probiotic-containing toothpaste (GD Probiotic Toothpaste®). After 2 weeks of treatment, fluorescence loss and lesion area were measured with QLF. To determine fluorescence changes, intergroup comparisons were performed with a multivariate analysis of variance, followed by Tukey's test at a probability value of p < 0.05. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between initial and posttreatment QLF measurements of the demineralized enamel specimens treated with the various agents (p < 0.05). In all experimental groups, significant fluorescence radiance increase and decrease of the lesion area (p = 0.000) was found. CONCLUSION: Novamin-containing toothpaste provided more increase of fluorescence compared to fluoride- and probiotic-containing toothpastes.

Treatment of post-orthodontic white spot lesions with CPP-ACP paste: A three year follow up study.

To determine the efficacy of topical applications of 10% casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste in reverting white spot lesions (WSLs) after fixed orthodontic treatment. Forty one participants were randomly assigned to either the test group (CPP-ACP) or the control group (only fluoride toothpaste). All patients used regular fluoride-containing toothpaste. CPPACP paste or fluoridated toothpaste was applied on to tooth surfaces with WSLs twice a day during 36-month after de-bonding. The labial/buccal surfaces of teeth were assessed by use of DIAGNOdent pen (DD), Gorelick Index and ICDAS II criteria at baseline (T1) and 36-month (T2) follow-up visits. The total counts of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus were obtained at T1 and T2. DMFT, DMFS, stimulated flow rate and buffer capacity were calculated in two appointments. Daily usage of CPP-ACP paste was not better than normal care for improving the appearance of WSLs after 36 months.

Biological response of commercially available different tricalcium silicate-based cements and pozzolan cement.

This study evaluated four root repair materials for cytotoxicity and cell attachment in vitro. Cell viability was determined at 24 hr, 3 days and 7 days by using a 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay with material extracts. Cell adhesion was examined with a scanning electron microscope on the surface of materials at 24 and 48 hr. Angelus MTA displayed the lowest cell viabilities at all-day incubations. Endocem had high biocompatibility on the first day. After culturing for 3 days and 7 days, the cell viabilities of Biodentine, Endocem and MM-MTA had similar results, and their cell viability was significantly higher than that of Angelus. No definite relation was found between the incubation time and the relative cell viability in any group. In scanning electron micrographs, the cells were attached to the material surface for all materials, although the cells in the Biodentine group were attached better than the other groups on the second day. Cell viability and cell attachment was lower in the Angelus group. Endocem, Biodentine and MM-MTA were similar in biocompatibility and cytotoxicity.

Spectrophotometric color analysis of maxillary permanent central incisors in a pediatric population: a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: Although several studies have reported the color distribution of maxillary central incisors and the effects of age and gender, a reliable database of the color of newly erupted teeth with open apices and the effect of the root development stage on tooth color shades do not currently exist. AIM: The purpose of this in vivo study was to perform a spectrophotometric color analysis of maxillary permanent central incisors based on apical developmental stage, age, and gender groups. DESIGN: A total of 734 maxillary permanent central incisors from 367 children aged 7-18 years who have fully erupted, intact, unrestored, vital right and left maxillary central incisors were evaluated. The patients were divided into nine groups, according to the root development stage and age. Digital images were quantified by non-contact spectrophotometry to determine the tooth color. Each tooth's color shade and L*, a*, and b* values were recorded. The L*, a*, and b* values were analyzed statistically with a multivariate analysis of variance test, and the color shades were analyzed with chi-square tests at the α = 0.05 level. RESULTS: The most common general tooth shade, for both genders, was A2. A statistically significant difference was found between the 7- to 12-year-old and 13- to 18-year-old age groups in the general tooth shade and its L* value in the overall, cervical, middle, and incisal sites (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is a strong relationship between the apical developmental stages of the teeth and the L* values.

Measuring the remineralization potential of different agents with quantitative light-induced fluorescence digital Biluminator.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of different remineralization agents by quantitative light-induced fluorescence digital BiluminatorTM (QLF-D). METHODS: Artificial caries lesions were created, and the teeth were divided according to the tested materials: (i) distilled water, (ii) acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF), (iii) Curodont Repair (CR), (iv) ammonium hexafluorosilicate (SiF) and (v) ammonium hexafluorosilicate plus cetylpyridinium chloride (SiF + CPC). After treatment procedures, each of the samples was placed in artificial saliva. After demineralization and 1 and 4 weeks of remineralization procedures, fluorescence loss and lesion areas were measured with QLF-D. Data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). RESULTS:: The fluorescence values of the demineralized enamel specimens treated with the various agents differed significantly compared with pretreatment values for both 1 and 4 weeks (p<0.05). At 4 weeks, the highest fluorescence gain was calculated in the CR, APF and SiF groups compared with the control (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:: APF, SiF and CR groups yielded greater remineralization ability than SiF + CPC and control groups.

Evaluation of the remineralization capacity of CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish by different quantitative methods.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish for remineralizing white spot lesions (WSLs) with four different quantitative methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four windows (3x3 mm) were created on the enamel surfaces of bovine incisor teeth. A control window was covered with nail varnish, and WSLs were created on the other windows (after demineralization, first week and fourth week) in acidified gel system. The test material (MI Varnish) was applied on the demineralized areas, and the treated enamel samples were stored in artificial saliva. At the fourth week, the enamel surfaces were tested by surface microhardness (SMH), quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and laser fluorescence (LF pen). The data were statistically analyzed (α=0.05). RESULTS: While the LF pen measurements showed significant differences at baseline, after demineralization, and after the one-week remineralization period (p<0.05), the difference between the 1- and 4-week was not significant (p>0.05). With regards to the SMH and QLF-D analyses, statistically significant differences were found among all the phases (p<0.05). After the 1- and 4-week treatment periods, the calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) concentrations and Ca/P ratio were higher compared to those of the demineralization surfaces (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish provides remineralization of WSLs after a single application and seems suitable for clinical use.

Evaluation of the remineralization capacity of CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish by different quantitative methods

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish for remineralizing white spot lesions (WSLs) with four different quantitative methods. Material and Methods Four windows (3x3 mm) were created on the enamel surfaces of bovine incisor teeth. A control window was covered with nail varnish, and WSLs were created on the other windows (after demineralization, first week and fourth week) in acidified gel system. The test material (MI Varnish) was applied on the demineralized areas, and the treated enamel samples were stored in artificial saliva. At the fourth week, the enamel surfaces were tested by surface microhardness (SMH), quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and laser fluorescence (LF pen). The data were statistically analyzed (α=0.05). Results While the LF pen measurements showed significant differences at baseline, after demineralization, and after the one-week remineralization period (p<0.05), the difference between the 1- and 4-week was not significant (p>0.05). With regards to the SMH and QLF-D analyses, statistically significant differences were found among all the phases (p<0.05). After the 1- and 4-week treatment periods, the calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) concentrations and Ca/P ratio were higher compared to those of the demineralization surfaces (p<0.05). Conclusion CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish provides remineralization of WSLs after a single application and seems suitable for clinical use.

Effect of silver diamine fluoride and ammonium hexafluorosilicate applications with and without Er:YAG laser irradiation on the microtensile bond strength in sound and caries-affected dentin.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cariostatic and preventive agents are applied to create caries-resistant dentin surfaces and may affect subsequent resin bonding. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different agents with and without Er:YAG laser irradiation on the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of resin composite to sound dentin (SD) and caries-affected dentin (CAD), and to assess the morphological and chemical changes in the specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-six extracted molar teeth were divided into a control group (deionized water) and two experimental groups (ammonium hexafluorosilicate [SiF], silver diamine fluoride [SDF]), that subdivided according to different conditions (SD, CAD, SD+laser irradiation, CAD+laser irradiation). After treatment procedures, the teeth were restored and the µTBS was tested with a universal testing machine. Morover, 144 teeth were prepared and after treatment modalities; morphological changes of the surface were investigated and elemental analyses were performed using scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: SDF and SiF applications reduced the µTBS values in both the SD and CAD subgroups (P < 0.05). Laser irradiation increased the µTBS values in the SiF group and the values were adversely affected in the SDF group (P < 0.05). Fluoride content of the specimens increased in all of the treatment groups, compared with the control group. Silver content was detected only in the SDF group, and silicon was detected only in the SiF group. CONCLUSIONS: The µTBS values of resin composite, surface morphology and chemical characteristics of dentin were affected by the material type, dentin condition and laser irradiation and the use of SiF and SDF solutions under the resin restorations do not seem appropriate.

Effects of Remineralization Agents on Artificial Carious Lesions.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the remineralization potentials of different agents on demineralized enamel surfaces. METHODS: Four hundred and sixty extracted human molars with artificial carious lesions were divided into six groups: (1) control; (2) acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF); (3) Curodont Repair (CR); (4) silver diamine fluoride (SDF); (5) ammonium hexafluorosilicate (SiF); and (6) SiF plus cetylpiridinium chloride (SiF+CPC). They were subdivided according to immersion periods (seven out of 30 days). After demineralization and remineralization procedures, microhardness test (VHN), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, and confocal laser scanning microscopy evaluation were performed. The data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: By the 30-day remineralization, the mean differences in VHN values were ranked as follows, in order: (1) CR; (2) APF; (3) SiF; (4) SiF+CPC; (5) SDF; and (6) control (P<0.05). The calcium (Ca) content and calcium/phosphate ratio for all groups were significantly higher after 30 days (P<0.05). The greatest lesion depth changes were observed in the CR, APF, SiF, and SDF groups (P<0.05), while the greatest fluorescence changes were observed in the APF, SiF, and CR groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The remineralization was most successful in the CR, APF, and SiF groups, with higher values than for those of the other treatments.

Effects of different antibacterial agents on enamel in a biofilm caries model.

Using a mature biofilm model, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibacterial agents in comparison with silver diamine fluoride (SDF). Forty-eight saliva-coated enamel slabs were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans monospecies biofilm. The biofilms were then exposed to 10% sucrose in tryptone yeast-extract culture medium, 8 times per day for 7 days. After the biofilm growth period, the enamel slabs were treated with one of the following substances: 1) distilled water; 2) SDF; 3) acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF); 4) ammonium hexafluorosilicate (AHF); 5) ammonium hexafluorosilicate + cetylpyridinium chloride (AHF+CPC); or 6) 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX). After these treatment procedures, the samples were incubated at 37ºC for 2 days, and the numbers of viable microorganisms in the biofilms were counted. The number of viable bacteria was significantly reduced by all of the antibacterial agents (P < 0.05). However, SDF showed the highest antibacterial activity (P < 0.05), and the effectiveness of the other agents was lower (P < 0.05). SDF has a highly effective antibacterial action against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans biofilm; none of the other fluoride agents used in this study, or 0.2 CHX agent, showed an antibacterial effect comparable to that of SDF.

Evaluation of Different Fissure Sealant Materials and Flowable Composites Used as Pit-and-fissure Sealants: A 24-Month Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: The effectiveness of resin-based pit-and-fissure sealants mainly depends on their retention and integrity over time. The purpose of this study was to evaluate retention rates of two different pit-and-fissure sealants compared with a flowable composite and a self-adhesive flowable composite over a 24 month period. METHODS: A split-mouth study design was used for all four permanent first molars of each patient. They were subjected to different kinds of sealants--either flowable composites or with fissure sealants. The flowable composites used were: flowable composite with an adhesive system (Tetric EvoFlow); and a self-adhesive flowable composite (Vertise Flow). The fissure sealants used were: a highly filled pit-and-fissure sealant (Fissurit FX); and a highly filled nano-hybrid pit-and-fissure sealant (Grandio Seal). Evaluation of the sealants was carried out at three-, six-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month follow-up visits. RESULTS: The complete retention rates were 95.7 percent for Tetric EvoFlow, 80.6 percent for Fissurit FX, 73.1 percent for Grandio Seal, and 62.9 percent for Vertise Flow. The retention rate of Tetric EvoFlow was significantly higher among all materials tested (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The flowable composite used with an adhesive system was found to be superior to other sealing materials.

Shear Bond Strength of a Self-adhering Flowable Composite and a Flowable Base Composite to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Calcium-enriched Mixture Cement, and Biodentine.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate the shear bond strength (SBS) of a self-adhering flowable composite (Vertise Flow; Kerr, Orange, CA) and a flowable composite (X-tra base; Voco GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine (Septodent, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses Cedex, France), and calcium-enriched mixture (CEM; Yektazist Dandan, Tehran, Iran). METHODS: Sixty cylindric acrylic blocks with a hole (3 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in height) were prepared. The acrylic blocks were filled with MTA, Biodentine, and CEM (n = 20) and accordingly allocated into 3 groups. The specimens were stored for 72 hours at 37°C and 100% humidity. Then, each group was divided into 2 subgroups according to the composite resin type used (n = 10). Vertise Flow and X-tra base were applied over MTA, Biodentine, and CEM and then polymerized. SBS was tested in a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test. RESULTS: The Vertise Flow-CEM and X-tra base-MTA groups showed significantly higher SBS values than the group made of Vertise flow-Biodentine (P < .05). There were no statistically significant differences among the other groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: MTA and CEM exhibited higher SBS than Biodentine; therefore, they could be preferred under flowable composites.

In Vivo and In Vitro performance of Conventional Methods, DIAGNOdent, and an Electronic Caries Monitor for Occlusal Caries Detection in Primary Teeth.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical and laboratory performances of an electronic caries monitor (ECM-IV) and the DIAGNOdent device with that of conventional methods, including visual (VE) and radiographic examinations (RE), for the detection of occlusal caries in primary teeth. METHODS: Three different observers examined 200 primary molars before extraction (in vivo), immediately after extraction (in vitro 1), and 14 days after extraction (in vitro 2). Examinations were performed visually, radiographically using the DIAGNOdent and ECM-IV devices. RESULTS: Among all the methods, the ECM-IV yielded the highest sensitivity and Az (Area under the ROC curve) values at the enamel (D1) threshold and visual examination for dentin (D3) threshold. For reproducibility, the ECM-IV presented the highest Kappa values at the D1 threshold, and the DIAGNOdent presented the highest Kappa values at the D3 threshold. Both devices presented high intraclass correlation coefficient values, although DIAGNOdent showed higher values than ECM-IV in all stages of the study and for all observers. CONCLUSION: Considering the importance of early identification of caries in primary teeth, the use of the ECM and DIAGNOdent devices, together with conventional examination methods, will increase the rate of identification of occlusal caries during routine clinic visits.

Comparative study of radiopacity of resin-based and glass ionomer-based bulk-fill restoratives using digital radiography.

This study investigated the radiopacity values of glass ionomer- and resin-based bulk-fill restoratives of different thicknesses using digital radiography. Two glass ionomer-based and three resin-based bulk-fill restoratives, and a conventional composite were studied. Five disc-shaped specimens were prepared from each of these materials at three different thicknesses; specimens of enamel and dentin with the same thicknesses were also prepared. Materials were placed over a complementary metal oxide-semiconductor sensor together with the tooth specimen and an aluminum step-wedge, and then exposed using a dental X-ray unit. The images were analyzed using a software program to measure the mean gray values (MGVs), which were converted to equivalent aluminum thicknesses. Two-way ANOVA was used to investigate the significance of differences among the groups. The GCP Glass Fill specimens showed the lowest radiopacity values, and the Quixfil specimens had the highest values. All materials had higher radiopacity values than enamel and dentin, except for GCP Glass Fill, which had a radiopacity similar to that of enamel. The resin-based bulk-fill restoratives had significantly higher radiopacity values than glass ionomer-based restoratives. All of the tested materials showed radiopacity values higher than that of dentin, as recommended by the ISO.

Effects of pulp capping materials on fracture resistance of Class II composite restorations.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cavity design and the type of pulp capping materials on the fracture resistance of Class II composite restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty freshly extracted, sound molar teeth were selected for the study. A dovetail cavity on the mesio-occlusal and a slot cavity on disto-occlusal surfaces of each tooth were prepared, and the teeth were divided 4 groups which one of them as a control group. The pulp capping materials (TheraCal LC, Calcimol LC, Dycal) applied on pulpo-axial wall of each cavity, and the restoration was completed with composite resin. The teeth were subjected to a compressive load in a universal mechanical testing machine. The surfaces of the tooth and restoration were examined under a stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed using factorial analysis of variance and Tukey's test. RESULTS: For pulp capping materials, the highest fracture load (931.15 ± 203.81 N) and the lowest fracture load (832.28 ± 245.75 N) were calculated for Control and Dycal group, respectively. However, there were no statistically significant differences among all groups (P > 0.05). The fracture load of the dovetail groups was significantly higher than those of the slot cavity groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Dovetail cavity design shows better fracture resistance in Class II composite restorations, independent of used or not used pulp capping materials.

Periostitis ossificans managed with endodontic treatment.

Periostitis ossificans (PO) is a specific type of chronic osteomyelitis. Radiographically, it is characterized by the presence of lamellae of newly formed periosteal bone outside the cortex, giving the characteristic appearance of "onion skin." The most common cause of PO is periapical infection of the mandibular permanent first molar, which occurs primarily in children and young adults. Treatment in these cases is directed toward eliminating the source of the infection, either by extraction of the offending tooth or endodontic therapy. The purpose of this paper is to present a case of PO involving a permanent mandibular first molar managed with endodontic treatment.

Delayed replantation of avulsed teeth: two case reports.

This case report presents two cases of delayed replantation of avulsed maxillary central incisors after an extended dry extra-alveolar period. Eight-year-old boy and 10-year-old boy presented with avulsed maxillary central incisors due to trauma occurring 27 and 7 hours earlier, respectively. Treatment guidelines for avulsed mature/immature permanent teeth with prolonged extra-oral time were carried out for the teeth and the extra-oral endodontic treatment was completed. After having been repositioned, the teeth were stabilized for 4 weeks and prophylactic antibiotic was prescribed. Clinical and radiographic controls were done after 18 months for Case I and 12 months for Case II. During the follow-up periods the teeth reported in these cases have remained in a stable, functional position but revealed clinical initial replacement resorption and ankylosis.

Genetic background of supernumerary teeth.

Supernumerary teeth (ST) are odontostomatologic anomaly characterized by as the existence excessive number of teeth in relation to the normal dental formula. This condition is commonly seen with several congenital genetic disorders such as Gardner's syndrome, cleidocranial dysostosis and cleft lip and palate. Less common syndromes that are associated with ST are; Fabry Disease, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Nance-Horan syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome and Trico-Rhino-Phalangeal syndrome. ST can be an important component of a distinctive disorder and an important clue for early diagnosis. Certainly early detecting the abnormalities gives us to make correct management of the patient and also it is important for making well-informed decisions about long-term medical care and treatment. In this review, the genetic syndromes that are related with ST were discussed.